COLORECTAL CANCER IN-BETWEEN CLINICAL APPLICATION AND TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH: WHERE DO WE STAND AND WHAT CAN BE IMPROVED?
Abstract
Colorectal cancer remains the second deadliest type of cancer with many causes resulting in a severe outcome. It is well recognized the higher level of cellular heterogeneity of colorectal cancer respect to any other type of cancer, which plays a significant role in its diagnosis, prognosis and treatment. Colorectal cancer is a curable disease when detected in early phases, up to 90% when detected in stage I, but the absence of symptoms makes the diagnosis a problematic process. Thus, the understanding of the tumour dynamics, cancer genetics and the expression of specific tumour biomarkers is crucial for the cancer early detection. Furthermore, parallel studies demonstrated the determinant role of post-translational modification in cancer formation and progression. This review aims to resume and combine all the different aspects involved in colorectal cancer malignancy, important for clinicians and researchers to understand where we currently stand, and which improvements are required.
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References
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21. Jellema, P. et al. Value of symptoms and additional diagnostic tests for colorectal cancer in primary care: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 340, c1269–c1269 (2010).
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33. Diehl, F. et al. Circulating mutant DNA to assess tumor dynamics NIH Public Access Author Manuscript. Nat Med 14, 985–990 (2008).
34. Koga, Y. et al. Detection of colorectal cancer cells from feces using quantitative real-time RT-PCR for colorectal cancer diagnosis. Cancer Sci. 99, 1977–83 (2008).
35. Locker, G. Y. et al. ASCO 2006 update of recommendations for the use of tumor markers in gastrointestinal cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 24, 5313–27 (2006).
36. Carpelan-Holmström, M., Louhimo, J., Stenman, U. H., Alfthan, H. & Haglund, C. CEA, CA 19-9 and CA 72-4 improve the diagnostic accuracy in gastrointestinal cancers. Anticancer Res. 22, 2311–6
37. Normanno, N., Cervantes, A., Ciardiello, F., De Luca, A. & Pinto, C. The liquid biopsy in the management of colorectal cancer patients: Current applications and future scenarios. Cancer Treat. Rev. 70, 1–8 (2018).
38. Woo, D. & Yu, M. Circulating tumor cells as “liquid biopsies” to understand cancer metastasis. Transl. Res. 201, 128–135 (2018).
39. Loureiro, L. R. et al. Novel monoclonal antibody L2A5 specifically targeting sialyl-Tn and short glycans terminated by alpha-2–6 sialic acids. Sci. Rep. 8, 12196 (2018).
40. Carrascal, M. A. et al. Sialyl Tn-expressing bladder cancer cells induce a tolerogenic phenotype in innate and adaptive immune cells. Mol. Oncol. 8, 753–65 (2014).
41. Neves, M. et al. Exploring sialyl-Tn expression in microfluidic-isolated circulating tumour cells: A novel biomarker and an analytical tool for precision oncology applications. N. Biotechnol. 49, 77–87 (2019).
42. Understanding Prognostic versus Predictive Biomarkers.
43. Oldenhuis, C. N. A. M., Oosting, S. F., Gietema, J. A. & de Vries, E. G. E. Prognostic versus predictive value of biomarkers in oncology. Eur. J. Cancer 44, 946–953 (2008).
44. Deschoolmeester, V., Baay, M., Specenier, P., Lardon, F. & Vermorken, J. B. A review of the most promising biomarkers in colorectal cancer: one step closer to targeted therapy. Oncologist 15, 699–731 (2010).
45. Hermanek, P. & Wittekind, C. The Pathologist and the Residual Tumor (R) Classification. Pathol. – Res. Pract. 190, 115–123 (1994).
46. Trinh, A. A. et al. Colorectal Cancer Subtypes by immunohistochemistry Keywords: Colorectal cancer subtypes, anti-EGFR therapy, immunohistochemistry, image analysis, prognostic Funding Sources: (2016). doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-16-0680
47. Trinh, A. et al. Practical and Robust Identification of Molecular Subtypes in Colorectal Cancer by Immunohistochemistry. Clin. Cancer Res. (2016).
48. Lauc, G., Vojta, A. & Zoldoš, V. Epigenetic regulation of glycosylation is the quantum mechanics of biology. Biochim. Biophys. Acta – Gen. Subj. 1840, 65–70 (2014).
49. Loureiro, L. R. et al. Challenges in Antibody Development against Tn and Sialyl-Tn Antigens. Biomolecules 5, 1783–809 (2015).
50. Rabu, C., McIntosh, R., Jurasova, Z. & Durrant, L. Glycans as targets for therapeutic antitumor antibodies. Futur. Oncol. 8, 943– 960 (2012).
51. Dennis, J. W., Nabi, I. R. & Demetriou, M. Metabolism, cell surface organization, and disease. Cell 139, 1229–41 (2009).
52. Holst, S. et al. Investigations on aberrant glycosylation of glycosphingolipids in colorectal cancer tissues using liquid chromatography and matrix-assisted laser desorption time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). Mol. Cell. Proteomics 12, 3081–93 (2013).
53. Dube, D. H. & Bertozzi, C. R. Glycans in cancer and inflammation--potential for therapeutics and diagnostics. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 4, 477–488 (2005).
54. Ferreira, J. A. et al. Overexpression of tumour-associated carbohydrate antigen sialyl-Tn in advanced bladder tumours. Mol. Oncol. 7, 719–731 (2013).
55. Julien, S., Videira, P. A. & Delannoy, P. Sialyl-tn in cancer: (how) did we miss the target? Biomolecules 2, 435–66 (2012).
56. Durrant, L. G., Noble, P. & Spendlove, I. Immunology in the clinic review series; focus on cancer: glycolipids as targets for tumour immunotherapy. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 167, 206–215 (2012).
57. Birklé, S., Zeng, G., Gao, L., Yu, R. . & Aubry, J. Role of tumor-associated gangliosides in cancer progression. Biochimie 85, 455–463 (2003).
58. Hung, J.-S. et al. C1GALT1 overexpression promotes the invasive behavior of colon cancer cells through modifying O-glycosylation of FGFR2. Oncotarget 5, 2096–106 (2014).
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Published
2020-09-30
How to Cite
ZOPPI, Roberta et al.
COLORECTAL CANCER IN-BETWEEN CLINICAL APPLICATION AND TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH: WHERE DO WE STAND AND WHAT CAN BE IMPROVED?.
Revista Portuguesa de Cirurgia, [S.l.], n. 48, p. 65-80, sep. 2020.
ISSN 2183-1165.
Available at: <https://revista.spcir.com/index.php/spcir/article/view/816>. Date accessed: 19 apr. 2024.
doi: https://doi.org/10.34635/rpc.816.
Section
Review Article
