Brief History of European Surgery: A Coloproctology Perspective

Abstract

The field of colorectal surgery has evolved over the millennia, shaped by the continuous interplay of cultural values, anatomical discoveries, and technological advances. From the ancient Egyptian papyri that detailed anorectal conditions and therapeutic enemas to the empirical innovations of Greek and Roman physicians, the early approach to surgery was curious yet pragmatic. Although classical medicine introduced the principles of observation and rationality, surgical practice was still limited by pain and infection. Throughout history, anorectal disease has remained a concern, even during periods of stagnation such as the Middle Ages. While institutions in Europe declined, knowledge was preserved in monasteries and advanced in Islamic centers of learning. Figures such as Albucasis made significant contributions to surgical technique and instrumentation during this period. The Renaissance reignited anatomical study and repositioned surgery within academic medicine. Landmark contributions, such as those of Andreas Vesalius, challenged long-standing dogma and laid the foundations for modern approaches. By the 19th century, the advent of anesthesia and antisepsis had transformed surgery into a more precise, planned and humane practice. Institutions such as St Mark’s Hospital were established, procedures were systematized and surgical outcomes improved. The 20th and 21st centuries have witnessed a technological revolution. Innovations such as laparoscopic and robotic surgery, surgical staplers and artificial intelligence have broadened the scope of surgery. Today, coloproctology focuses not only on effective treatment but also on functional preservation, personalized care, and improving patients’ quality of life. Colorectal surgery exemplifies how medicine evolves in response to knowledge, necessity and compassion, transforming ancient techniques into sophisticated, patient-centered interventions.